POLICY OR EMPOWERMENT? POLICY ENVIRONMENTS, POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT, AND WORK FAMILY CONFLICT

Abstract

Purpose To investigate the association between country-level differences in childcare enrollment, the presence of affirmative action policy, and female parliamentary representation and individual-level conflict between work and family. Methodology/approach This study applies data from the 2002 International Social Survey Program (n = 14,000 +) for respondents in 29 countries and pairs them with macro-level measures of childcare enrollment, the presence of affirmative action policy, and female parliamentary representation. I estimate the model using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM 7) and also assess cross-level interactions by gender and parental status. Findings The models show that female..